What is the pathophysiology behind compartment syndrome?

Compartment syndrome occurs when there is increased pressure within a closed anatomical space, leading to decreased tissue perfusion and circulation. This elevated pressure can arise from various causes, such as swelling, hemorrhage, or tight bandaging, which restricts the normal expansion of muscles and blood vessels.

When the pressure in a compartment exceeds the perfusion pressure of the vessels within it, blood flow to the tissues is compromised. This reduction in perfusion leads to ischemia and can result in cellular injury and muscle necrosis if not promptly addressed. The affected muscles and nerves may become hypoxic due to insufficient blood supply, causing pain, sensory deficits, and muscle weakness.

Understanding the pathophysiology of compartment syndrome highlights the importance of timely diagnosis and intervention, as prolonged pressure can lead to irreversible tissue damage. Thus, recognizing the condition hinges on appreciating the critical connection between the elevated pressure, diminished blood flow, and subsequent cellular death.