Which environmental conditions are associated with an increased risk of chilblains?

Chilblains, also known as pernio, are conditions that occur as a result of an abnormal reaction to cold exposure. The correct association with an increased risk of chilblains is found in environments that are cold and wet.

In cold and wet conditions, the combination of low temperatures and moisture can lead to constriction of blood vessels in the extremities. When individuals then return to a warmer environment, this sudden warming can trigger an inflammatory response, leading to swelling, redness, and discomfort in the affected areas. This condition is particularly common among individuals who are frequently exposed to these conditions, such as those who work or engage in outdoor activities in similar environments.

Other environmental conditions mentioned, such as hot and humid, cold and dry, and warm and wet, do not create the same level of risk for developing chilblains. Hot and humid conditions typically lead to other issues, like heat-related illnesses, while cold and dry may not promote the excessive moisture that contributes to chilblains. Warm and wet conditions are not conducive to cold-induced vascular responses essential for the development of chilblains. Understanding this pathway can help in preventing and managing the condition effectively.