During which phase of pitching is the most torque applied?

The late cocking phase is recognized as the period during which the most torque is applied to the shoulder joint in the pitching motion. This phase is characterized by the maximal external rotation of the shoulder, where the pitcher’s throwing arm is pulled back and prepared for the forward motion. During this stage, the rotator cuff and surrounding muscles must generate significant torque to stabilize the shoulder while the trunk and lower extremities begin to drive forward.

The late cocking phase is crucial for harnessing the energy built up during the earlier windup and acceleration phases, setting the stage for an effective and powerful pitch. This increased torque plays a key role in achieving not only pitch velocity but also the control needed for accurate throws.

In contrast, the windup phase involves preparation and positioning rather than the generation of torque, while the acceleration phase, although still demanding, does not reach the same levels of torque as the late cocking phase. The follow-through phase, on the other hand, focuses on decelerating the arm safely after the pitch has been delivered. Thus, the late cocking phase is pivotal for torque application, highlighting its importance in pitching mechanics.